Foot pain can interfere significantly with normal activities and severely limit participation in sports. Metatarsalgia is foot pain involving the metatarsal bones in the forefoot – the complaint of pain on the bottom of the ball of the foot.
Blake and Ferguson found that joint pain and capsulitis of the metatarsals were common foot problems reported by recreational walkers and hikers.2 The second and third metatarsophalangeal joints were the most frequently involved joints. Since the vast majority of foot problems in recreational walkers and hikers was unilateral, rather than bilateral, these researchers concluded that "structural anomalies and faulty biomechanics, i.e., limb length discrepancy or abnormal pronation, may be the cause or additional cause in many injuries."
How Stressed Arches Develop
The anterior transverse arch is located immediately behind the metatarsal heads.3 When non-weight-bearing, the first and fifth metatarsal heads are most prominent, and initially bear the weight of the body during gait. As weight-bearing progresses, pressure is distributed across the arch to the other three heads.
As with all arches, it is the ligaments and connective tissues that support the anterior transverse arch,4 not muscular strength.5 Arch problems will develop when supportive tissues are put under excessive stress – either from high loads for sudden, brief periods, or from more moderate, but repetitive stresses over longer periods. In most cases, it appears that chronic overstretching of the transverse ligaments is the underlying cause of metatarsal problems.6
Clues From Calluses
One sign of abnormal transverse arch biomechanics is callus build-up. Since plantar callosities form in response to sustained pressure patterns, they provide helpful clues regarding altered foot function. These are commonly seen in either the forefoot (under the metatarsal heads), or under the anterior aspect of the heel.7 This pattern (under the transverse arch and at each end of the medial longitudinal arch) has always been taken to indicate that most calluses are caused primarily by arch collapse and/or excessive pronation.
A 1999 study confirmed that callus formation is closely associated with several specific "abnormal foot weight-bearing patterns." These patterns include a lower medial arch with greater pronation, reduced dorsiflexion of the first metatarsal joint, and limited ankle dorsiflexion (due to calf muscle tightness).8 All three factors can contribute to abnormal biomechanics of the metatarsal arch.
Relief and Control
Helping a patient with pain at the metatarsal region requires a phased approach. Immediate care can reduce the acute pain and inflammation.; long-term control of the problem usually requires individually designed stabilizing orthotics.
Acute relief. Any aggravating activity must stop, and shoes should be evaluated and changed, if necessary. A temporary metatarsal pad should be placed just proximal to the metatarsal heads to support the anterior transverse arch.9 This will relieve the weight-bearing pressure on the sensitive metatarsophalangeal joints. Anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving modalities can be considered.
Any subluxations, such as "dropped" or fixated metatarsal heads, should be adjusted as necessary. Multiple foot subluxations, arch collapse and excessive pronation are frequently found, so the navicular and the cuboid must be carefully evaluated.
Permanent control. Patients should avoid shoes with a tight toe and forefoot region, and reduce high heels to 1 ½ inches. These instructions must be followed for best results. Patients with tight Achilles tendons and diminished foot dorsiflexion should perform calf stretches.
In order to improve foot biomechanics and provide permanent support for the transverse arch, most patients will need stabilizing orthotics. Flexible orthotics are the most beneficial, especially for people who must be on their feet for many hours each day. The orthotics need to support all three arches of the foot, and provide cushioning and shock absorption. Additional forefoot padding also appears to be very helpful.10
References
- Jarboe NE, Quesada PM. The effects of cycling shoe stiffness on forefoot pressure. Foot Ankle Int, 2003;24(10):784-788.
- Blake RL, Ferguson HJ. Walking and hiking injuries: a one year follow-up study. J Am Podiatr Med Assn, 1993;83:499-503.
- Hoppenfeld S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1976:208.
- Huang CK et al. Biomechanical evaluation of longitudinal arch stability. Foot & Ankle, 1993;14:353-357.
- Basmajian JV, Stecko G. The role of muscles in arch support of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg, 1963;45A:1184-1190.
- Reid DC. Sports Injury Assessment and Rehabilitation. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992:129-184.
- Magee DJ. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987:323.
- Bevans JS, Bowker P. Foot structure and function: etiological risk factors for callus formation in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The Foot, 1999;9:120-127.
- Souza TA. Differential Diagnosis for the Chiropractor: Protocols and Algorithms. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Pubs, 1997:351.
- Koenraadt KL, Stolwijk NM, van den Wildenberg D, Duysens J, Keijsers NL. Effect of a metatarsal pad on the forefoot during gait. J Am Podiatr Med Assn, 2012;102(1):18-24.
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