Printed Exercise Instructions
While printed handouts are commonly available, the likelihood that a patient will do the exercises correctly based on an instruction sheet (and do them more than just a couple of times) is slim. Without direct supervision, only a small percentage of patients (usually dedicated athletes) will perform exercise recommendations regularly. Most will invest their energy only in proportion to the effort expended by the doctor. Here's the hierarchy of results that can be expected (from lowest to highest):
A generic series of exercises. It's very unlikely that these exercises will be performed more than once or twice, and it's quite possible that the patient will do them improperly.
A customized series of exercises. Using copiers and computers (or checking exercises in a booklet), some doctors design a specific set of exercises based on each patient's exam findings or symptoms. These tell a patient that the doctor has put some thought and effort into the exercises, and they are more likely to be done at least a few times.
An exercise videotape. This allows the patient to follow along at home and helps ensure better performance of the exercises. If it's generic (i.e., a "back" tape), the patient will be less likely to continue for more than a few days. Using more awkward procedures, some doctors do make customized videotapes, but these can be expensive and time-consuming.
Discussing the importance of the exercises with the patient. If the chiropractor takes some time to explain the reason for each exercise, the patient often is more motivated, and the exercises may be done several times.
Demonstrating the exercises, with observation and correction of the patient's performance. While somewhat time-consuming, this is the best way of ensuring that a patient will do the exercises and do them correctly. In fact, when the doctor (or a trained assistant) goes through the exercises with the patient, not only is there a much greater chance of the patient performing them several times, but this is an additional professional service which deserves an additional fee.
Supervision vs. Self Direction
The only way of ensuring that a patient will do any recommended exercises is to have someone monitor the patient going through the prescribed routine. A supervised exercise program has been shown to be much more effective (in terms of decreased pain, decreased disability scores and increased fitness) than unsupervised exercising in the treatment of low back pain, primarily because supervised patients complete more of the recommended exercise sessions.10
However, supervising an exercise program is a time-intensive and expensive form of treatment. The doctor must do everything possible to minimize the costs of such supervision while still making sure that the time spent in designing an active program is not wasted. This balance of supervision and cost-effectiveness can be achieved by regular monitoring of home exercise programs.
A chiropractor has a distinct advantage in overseeing an active exercise program, since the patient is usually seen for a series of treatments. These regular visits provide the perfect opportunity to monitor the home exercises. However, it is only with repeated follow-ups and some supervision that any real compliance with home exercises can be expected. The doctor must ask on every visit whether the patient is doing the exercises, and if there are any problems or difficulties. Regular "rehabilitation reviews," during which the patient is asked to demonstrate the exercises, are highly recommended. These should probably be done weekly in the early part of the treatment program. You'll quickly find out whether the patient has really been doing them! This is also a good opportunity to present additional or advanced exercises as the patient progresses. (These rehabilitation reviews are billable services for which the doctor deserves an additional fee).
Support and praise from the doctor (and acknowledgment from the staff) go a long way toward ensuring the patient will cooperate in performing the recommended exercises.
Floor-Based Exercises
Experience shows us that some people resist doing exercises which require them to lie down on the floor. The exception to this is during the early stages of an acute episode (and even then, getting down and then back up from the floor can be quite difficult). In spite of this, many doctors and therapists recommend floor-based exercises.
We must remember that lying down is not generally a functional position for the neck and back. Therefore, it may not be the best position in which to only exercise the spine. This is the well-known concept of "specificity of exercise," which means that only what you exercise improves.11 Exercises done exclusively on the floor may not necessarily improve the total function of the back when it is upright and the joints and muscles are bearing weight. Additional results can be achieved when patients are instructed to exercise in weightbearing, upright positions of sitting and standing. These exercise positions require postural awareness, giving the exercises the opportunity to stimulate and coordinate the proprioceptive control of the involved spinal support muscles.
Axial vs. Extremity Exercises
I continue to be amazed at the amount of time some patients spend doing exclusive exercises with their extremities, when their problem is primarily weakness of the muscles of the axial skeleton. It is the axial skeletal muscles which stabilize, support and move the spine. Especially in the early stages of rehabilitation, it is very important to establish good strength and coordination of the core muscles around the spine and pelvis. Patients have a limited tolerance for exercises and a limited amount of time they can devote to them. The focus of a health care professional should include the stabilization of the spinal support musculature.
That attention can later be directed to a general overall body strengthening program.
Doctors of chiropractic are in an excellent position to design and monitor active exercise procedures. With some thought and planning, it is not difficult to integrate an effective spinal rehabilitation program into most chiropractic practices. Ensuring compliance with active treatment procedures will always be a challenge, but the concepts discussed above should be of some help.
References
- Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline, Quick Reference Guide Number 14. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, AHCPR Pub. No. 95-0643. December 1994, pp. 52-53.
- Deyo RA. Non-operative treatment of low back disorders: differentiating useful from useless therapy. In: Frymoyer JW (ed.) The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice. New York: Raven Press, Ltd., 1991, pp. 1567-1580.
- Bortz WM. The disuse syndrome. West J Med 1984;141:691-694.
- Lidstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scand J Rehabil Med 1970;2:37-42.
- Sandstrom J, Hansson T, et al. The bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1985;10:158-160.
- Nachemson A. Work for all, for those with low back pain as well. Clin Orthop 1983;179:77-85.
- Biering-Sorensen P. Physical measurements as risk indicators for low back trouble over a one year period. Spine 1984;9;106-119.
- Cady L, Bischoff D. Strength and fitness and subsequent back injuries in firefighters. J Occup Med 1979;21:269-272.
- Malmivaara A, Hakkinen U, et al. The treatment of acute low back pain: bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity? NEJM 1995;332:351-355.
- Reilly K, Lovejoy B, Williams R, Roth H. Differences between a supervised and independent strength and conditioning program with chronic low back syndromes. J Occ Med 1989;31:547-550.
- Kraemer WJ. General adaptations to resistance and endurance training programs. In: Baechle TR (ed.) Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994, p. 144.
Click here for previous articles by Kim Christensen, DC, DACRB, CCSP, CSCS.