You would think the connection between hip arthritis and pain would be pretty straightforward: People with the greatest degree of arthritis as measured on X-rays should have the greatest amount of pain. Surprisingly, this is not always the case, as many people with severe arthritis are relatively asymptomatic, while people with slight arthritis present with disabling pain.
During the surgery, surgeons moved their patients' hips through full ranges of motion in all directions while measuring pressure changes within the hip joint. After completing their evaluation, they noted a significant linear correlation between elevated intra-articular pressure and pain: People with the highest pressures had the greatest amount of pain.
The researchers also noted that hip extension and internal rotation nearly doubled the resting pressure within the hip joint and was strongly correlated with the presence of preoperative pain.
A Problem of Pressure and Tension
FIG 1 Venous drainage of the hip. Extension and internal rotation of the femur (A) increases tensile strain in the iliopsoas muscle (B), causing its tendon to compress the long, narrow veins traversing the femoral neck. Compressing these veins impairs venous drainage, resulting in increased intra-articular hip pressure.
The reason hip extension and internal rotation markedly elevate hip pressures is because the iliopsoas tendon sits directly on top of a series of small veins that traverse the femoral neck. When the hip is extended and/or internally rotated, the iliopsoas tendon compresses these veins and the impaired venous drainage results in increased intra-articular hip pressure (Fig. 1).
Interestingly, the study authors emphasize that the first movements lost with hip arthritis are extension and internal rotation, and that these motions are restored after the induction of anesthesia – confirming that it is not the joint capsule or arthritis that is limiting these motions, but tension in the hip flexors.
The authors also state that the connection between iliopsoas tension and hip pain is supported by the observation that surgically lengthening the iliopsoas tendon produces dramatic reductions in hip pain.
In addition to producing pain before hip replacement, tension in the hip flexors is also a common cause of pain following hip replacement, but for a different reason. Following hip replacement, when the hip flexors are tight, the iliopsoas tendon compresses directly against the new prosthetic cup, often fraying the undersurface of the tendon. This would not happen if the hip flexors were loose.
This is especially problematic in small individuals, as surgeons typically use the largest acetabular cup possible to prevent the risk of hip dislocation following surgery.
Fraying of the iliopsoas tendon against the acetabular cup is often difficult to diagnose, since MRI imaging is not possible, as the metal femoral head and neck prevent adequate imaging; diagnosis is usually confirmed with expensive diagnostic pain blocks.
An Exercise / Stretching Protocol
FIG 2 Gluteus maximus kickbacks.
Rather than sending out for testing, I personally just assume that pain near the anterior aspect of the acetabular cup following total hip replacement is due to tension in the iliopsoas, and I prescribe specific exercises and stretches to address the problem.
In my experience, the most effective ways to lengthen iliopsoas is to produce reciprocal inhibition of the hip flexors by fatiguing the hip extensors prior to stretching the iliopsoas. To do this, have the patient get on all fours and do kickbacks to fatigue (Fig. 2). If the patient can do more than 30 of these without tiring, place an ankle weight on so that fatigue occurs with fewer than 30 repetitions.
FIG 3 Hip flexor stretch. The degree of stretch placed on the iliopsoas muscle can be increased by kicking the involved ankle outwardly (arrow), thereby internally rotating the hip.
After the gluteus maximus is exhausted, immediately stretch the hip flexors with the standard hip flexor illustrated in figure 3.
To really target the iliopsoas, internally rotate the extended femur by moving the foot laterally. Moving the foot laterally increases strain on the iliopsoas, allowing for a more effective stretch. I have the patient repeat the stretch 10 times daily, holding each stretch for 60-90 seconds.
Interesting new research shows that it is possible to physically lengthen a muscle by holding static stretches for prolonged periods of time.2 The same prolonged static stretches have also been shown to improve tendon resiliency, which may reduce tension in the iliopsoas tendon as it passes over the iliopectineal eminence and femoral neck.
FIG 4 Hip flexor home exercises. With resistance provided by an anchored band, the hip flexors are exercised by driving the knee up and forward (A). An alternate method to strengthen the hip flexors is to raise and lower the straight lower extremity while performing a supine bridge (B). It is important to maintain the pelvis in a fixed position while performing this exercise.
In many situations, a chronically tight iliopsoas needs to be strengthened as well as stretched, as a weak muscle stiffens in response to being overloaded. The easiest way to strengthen the iliopsoas is with the exercises illustrated in figure 4. Three sets of 15 repetitions performed three times a week are usually more than enough to strengthen the iliopsoas.
Of course, to prevent the hip flexors from shortening throughout the day, make sure the patient avoids prolonged sitting, and recommend switching to a standing desk if possible. Also make sure the patient is not sleeping in a fetal position, which places the iliopsoas in a shortened position, making it difficult to lengthen with even the most aggressive stretching protocols.
References
- Goodard N, Gosling P. Intraarticular fluid pressure and pain in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 1988;70-B:52-55.
- Panid L, Bogdanis G, Terziz G, et al. Muscle architectural and functional adaptations following 12-weeks of stretching in adolescent female athletes. Front Physiol, July 2021;12:701338.
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