Occurrence
RLS has been estimated to occur in between 2.5 percent and 15 percent of the population.1 This number rises to 20 percent or more in pregnant2 and dialysis patients.3
Diagnosis
The hallmark signs and symptoms of RLS are irresistible urges to move one's legs. This happens when sitting or lying down, and is exacerbated at night and relieved by movement. If the patient does not move voluntarily, involuntary spastic movements or twitches may occur.4
Treatment
Common medical treatments include dopaminergic agents, opiates and sedatives.4 These have been employed with varying amounts of both success and side-effects.
Nutritional Support
There have been a few case reports involving folic acid, vitamin E and tryptophan supplementation, along with caffeine removal.5 Overall, success rates with nutrition have been marginal, at best.
A few years ago, a paper was published stating that a high percent of people with RLS seemed to be iron-deficient, even in the absence of a frank anemia.6 Low brain levels of iron may be a particularly important cause.7 A recent review4 referred to a 1954 British Medical Journal paper (that I could not find), that reported 21 of 22 patients were cured with iron supplementation. What was most interesting was that subjects' serum iron levels were within normal limits prior to supplementation.
Iron is a mineral best absorbed on an empty stomach, and 100 mg of vitamin C will improve its absorption. I generally dose 60-90 mg of elemental iron daily until normal serum levels are achieved. Occasionally, blood work will not be practical. When this happens in my practice, I instruct the patient to take 60 mg of elemental iron per day for a week to 10 days. If he or she does not have low iron levels, supplementation is not enough to cause a toxic reaction. Conversely, if the patient has symptoms of iron deficiency, such as RLS (or fatigue and low energy), seven to 10 days will be long enough to determine if there is a marked change in his or her symptom complex. In those cases with positive responses, I strongly urge patients to follow up with blood work to establish iron levels, when they are asymptomatic.
Iron Levels
Serum ferritin levels of 18 mcg/l or less, or an iron saturation percentage of less than 16, is a strong indicator of iron supplementation for patients with RLS.4 Supplementation should continue until saturation is 20 percent, or ferritin is more than 50 mcg/l.4
Conclusion
Clearly, not every patient with true RLS in the absence of other pathology will be iron-deficient. However, it appears a significant percentage of individuals with RLS will benefit from increasing their iron levels.
References
- Allen RP, Earley CJ. Restless leg syndrome: a review of clinical and pathophysiological features. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001;18:128-147.
- Lee KA, Zafke ME, Baratte-Beebe K. Restless leg syndrome and sleep disturbance during pregnancy: the role of folate and iron. J Women's Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:335-341.
- Winkelman JW, Chertow GM, Lazarus JM. Restless leg syndrome in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28:372-78.
- Earley CJ. Restless leg syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;2103-09.
- Werbach MR. Nutritional Influence on Illness. Third Line Press: Tarzana, CA. 1988.
- O'Keeffe ST, Gavin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless leg syndrome in the elderly. Age and Aging. 1994;23:200-203.
- Earley CJ, Allen RP, Beard JL, Connor JR. Insight into the pathophysiology of restless leg syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2000;62;623-28.
G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN
Brea, California
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