I do not care what the truth is, one way or another; I just want to know it. And when it comes to dietary supplements, the truth can be hard to find for a number of reasons. When a recent headline stated that multivitamins are a waste of money,1 it prompted today's analysis on interpretation and comprehension of dietary supplement research.
Contradictions
This is the biggest problem for the public because so many headlines from large studies seem to routinely conflict. For example, consider two of the best-selling supplements, calcium and omega-3 fatty acids. In February 2013, a large Swedish study reported that women who took calcium supplements doubled their chances for heart attack and had a higher mortality rate than women who did not take calcium.2 In May 2013, a Canadian study found that calcium supplements up to 1,000 mg a day lowered mortality rates.3
In April 2013, seniors with the highest blood levels of omega-3s had the lowest death rates, according to a study in Annals of Internal Medicine;4 while in July, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reported that men with the highest blood omega-3 levels had the highest rates of aggressive prostate cancer.5
Outright Bias
Alternative medicine tends to embrace positive studies and is skeptical of negative studies. Mainstream medicine takes the opposite approach, or as I like to say, "One side is quick to praise and the other side is quick to condemn." Many times the bias is related to secondary-gain issues, because both positive studies and negative studies affect where consumers spend their money. In any event, when groups overemphasize, overgeneralize and/or spin by omission, the result hurts everyone.
Misinterpretation
Most of our nutrition news comes from sound bites which, in general, come from press releases and/or abstracts. Anyone who reads scientific papers knows abstracts do not always tell the whole story. Press releases can be even more misleading. In fact, most of the public and many professionals get supplement news from a summarized summary, which makes the odds of misinterpretation higher than anybody would like. And that's before the information is manipulated by advertisers to sell products.
Confusion
It's pretty obvious that the headlines can be confusing for health care professionals, let alone our patients. The good news is that bias, misinterpretation and confusion can decline substantially when we read the entire study from the original authors. Just knowing how the study was conducted and all of the results allows a person to evaluate both the reporting and the response to what we hear from the media
Unfortunately, few have the time to evaluate the source of whatever conclusion makes headlines. In turn, many people make the mistake of taking – or not taking – something based on group percentages, rather than determining if their individual intake is adequate.
What I Tell My Patients
Dietary supplements provide what an individual's diet lacks. It's like putting air in your tires: the lower the tire pressure is, the more air your tire needs and the more you feel the difference when the "air deficiency" is treated. But once you have enough air, more is not better.
Unfortunately, most people take dietary supplements based on either media reports or what a friend or acquaintance tells them. Using the tire analogy, they put air in their tires without reading the gauge to see if they're low or re-reading the gauge to see when they have enough. So, when a news report of a large study states, "Most people do not have enough air in their tires," it does not mean your tires need air. For that information, you must check your own tires.
What I Tell Health Professionals
- If a person's diet lacks a nutrient or a person has a temporary increase in a requirement for a nutrient, supplementing will yield great results.
- Never take (or recommend) a supplement based on a population deficiency. Just because most people in the group studied didn't get enough of whatever was studied doesn't mean an individual has a deficit.
- In general, the people who need supplements the most take them the least, and the people who need them the least take them the most.
Finally, with respect to the studies I used as examples, taking calcium supplements when diet provides more than enough calcium (i.e., more is not needed) is unwise and can be harmful.2 Many misinterpreted this to mean "calcium pills will cause heart attacks," rather than "taking high supplemental doses with zero need for any supplemental calcium can be unhealthy." On the flip side, getting enough (but not too much) calcium is healthy.3
In the two omega-3 studies, which, at the times they were released, were used to either support4 or oppose5 the use of fish oil pills, neither study actually was on omega-3 supplements. In both cases, blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids were measured and conclusions were made on those values. Those who took the time to read the research discovered that the study which concluded fish oil supplements could lead to prostate cancer got its data from a vitamin E and selenium study.5
As for the "multivitamins are a waste of money" commentary,1 we will take a closer look at the validity of that statement in the future. In the meantime, taking any dietary supplement that isn't needed doesn't make sense – nor does it make sense for an individual to start or stop any dietary supplement based on advice from a person unfamiliar with their diet.
References
- Guallar E Saverio Stranges S, Mulrow C, et al. "Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements." (Editorial) Ann Intern Med, Dec. 17, 2013;159(12)
- Michaëlsson K Melhus H, et al. Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ, Feb. 13, 2013;346:f228
- Langsetmo L, Berger C, Kreiger N, et al. Calcium and vitamin D intake and mortality: results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013 Jul;98(7):3010-8.
- Mozaffarian D; Lemaitre RN, Irena B. King, IB, et al. Plasma phospholipid long-chain w-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med, April 2, 2013;158(7):515-525.
- Brasky TM, Darke AK, Song X, et al. Phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, Aug. 7, 2013;105(15):1132-41.
Click here for previous articles by G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN.