There is little doubt variation is the keystone that has brought us forward in development, discovery, intellectual discourse and just plain avoidance of boredom. It is without coincidence that Stephen Jay Gould pointed out, "All evolutionary biologists know that variation itself is nature's only irreducible essence." Indeed, such terminologies as multicultural or diversity are important foundations of today's progressive society.
There is merit in those statements, yet in taking this reasoning to the limit, I'm reminded of a variation of the Ideal Gas Laws that my physical chemistry professor used to share with our advanced class: "Under stringently defined conditions of pressure, temperature and volume, variables behave as they damn well please."
Poor Quality, Outcomes in Medicine
It turns out that, in an analysis of medical practice, poor quality and outcomes have been linked to five principal reasons which point to variability as the culprit:1
- Increasingly Complex Health Care Environment: While in the 1950s, there was a small number of medications to choose from, the Institute for Safe Medication Practices asserts there are now more than 10,000 prescription drugs and biologicals, and more than 300,000 over-the-counter products, available in the United States. Add to that sophisticated intensive-care units, modern imaging techniques, catheter-based procedures, transplant services, minimally invasive techniques and other options. David Eddy, who has in the past reminded us as to how few medical procedures are supported by rigorous science,2 has proclaimed, "The complexity of modern American medicine exceeds the capacity of the unaided human mind."
- Exponentially Increasing Medical Knowledge: The number of published randomized clinical trials grew explosively from 1966 to 10,000 per year in 1995,3,10 that number being doubled by 2010. More than 10 years ago (2004), the National Library of Medicine reported it was adding nearly 11,000 new articles per week to its online archives, representing just 40 percent of all articles appearing worldwide. And nearly 25 years ago(1991), the Journal of the American Medical Association pointed out that "significant declines in medical knowledge" were evident in general internists and internal medicine subspecialists just 3-4 years after board certification – and that 15 years after the initial board certification, a whopping 68 percent of internists would not pass the American Board of Internal Medicine certification exam. The estimate was that, to maintain current knowledge, a general internist would have to read 20 articles a day, 365 days a year.4 Under these circumstances, maintaining current knowledge from the literature becomes a virtual impossibility for all clinicians.
- Lack of Valid Clinical Knowledge: Stemming from Eddy's original observation in 1991 that less than 20 percent of medical interventions were supported by scientific studies2 and progressing to the more recent report that 47 percent of interventions are of "unknown effectiveness,"5 it's obvious much is left to the physician's judgment – which we know now has been admitted to the three-legged pantheon we call evidence-based medicine. This leads directly to the final reason...
- Subjective Judgment: The effects of this could not have been more obvious in such examples as (a) the huge variations of surgical rates in different regions of the United States;6 (b) the striking variability in the percentages of students in public schools given medication for attention deficit disorder in neighboring cities;7 (c) variations in the treatment of prostate cancer (radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation) primarily dictated by the specialty of the treating clinician;8 and (d) the surreal differences in the presumably objective gold standards of meta-analyses, which was shown in one report to come down to clinical trial scoring criteria that were, in fact, subjective.9
The Challenges for Chiropractic
How does this all relate to chiropractic? Simply put, in trying to put one's arms around the nearly 200 techniques that have been recognized11 and coming to grips with the challenge of being able to replicate a given patient's treatment with some degree of uniformity in the event a practitioner should become indisposed during a course of therapy. You could imagine an outsider would blanch at the chiropractic term diversified, thinking that, without the proper detail and documentation, the diversified technique could represent the epitome of variability and be subject to criticism, lacking the proper means of communicating what was done by one practitioner versus another.
Indeed, a perfect example of the "failure to communicate," as portrayed so graphically in the movie classic, "Cool Hand Luke," could not have been more evident in the fate of what was believed to be a potentially ground-breaking hypertension study conducted by Bakris and Dickholtz. Despite its reporting of spectacular attenuations in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in chiropractic patients managed by the National Upper Cervical Chiropractic Association (NUCCA) atlas technique,12 the fact remains the trial was conducted by only a single practitioner (now deceased), with apparent failures to translate the precise manual techniques employed to other clinicians – culminating in the fact that an attempt to confirm this study at Palmer University in Davenport couldn't even use the NUCCA technique, but was forced to switch to the toggle recoil method instead.
In other words, were we looking at a Zen master of NUCCA without the proper means to propagate this talent for future generations? This chain of events is clearly a casualty of carrying variability too far, such that more heft needs to be devoted to this area and perhaps others in the chiropractic research agenda, in order to adhere to what is truly the cornerstone of robust scientific research. That principle is being able to replicate one's results, better known as reproducibility.
References
- James BC. Quality improvement in health care: making it easy to do it right. J Managed Care Pharm, 2002;8(5):394-397.
- Eddy D. Where is the wisdom? The poverty of medical evidence. BMJ, 1991;303:798-799.
- Chassin M. Is health care ready for six sigma? Milbank Quarterly, 1998;76(4):565-591.
- Ramsey PG, Carline JD, Inui TS, et al. Changes over time in the knowledge base of practicing internists. J Am Med Assoc, 1991;266(8): 1103-7.
- BMJ Clinical Evidence. BMJ Publishing Group Limited, 2007.
- Dartmouth Atlas of Musculoskeletal Health Care, reported in USA Today, Sept. 19, 2000.
- LeFecer GB, Dawson KV, Morrow AL. The extent of drug therapy for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder among children in public schools. Am J Public Health, 1999;89(9):1359-1364.
- Fowlder F, Collins MM, Albertsen PC, et al. Comparison of recommendations by urologists and radiation oncologists for treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA, 2000;283(24):3217-3222.
- Juni P, Witsch A, Bloch R, Egger M. The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA, 1999;282(11):1054-1060.
- Haughom J. "The Role of Clinical Variation in Medical Practice." HealthCatalyst.com.
- Bergmann T. Chiropractic Technique: Principles and Procedures. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2010.
- Bakris G, Dickholtz M, Meyer PM, et al. Atlas vertebra realignment and achievement of arterial pressure goal in hypertensive patients: a pilot study. J Human Hypertension, 2007;21:347-352.
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