115 NSAID: 'Nuff Said on the Issue of Toxicity
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Dynamic Chiropractic – October 1, 2013, Vol. 31, Issue 19

NSAID: 'Nuff Said on the Issue of Toxicity

By Anthony Rosner, PhD, LLD [Hon.], LLC

What am I missing? How nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have essentially obtained a free pass, largely escaping the wrath that has come down upon chiropractors for performing cervical adjustments, is beyond what one customarily calls "rational." Against the approximately one death in 3 million manipulations associated in a literature review by the RAND Corporation,1 we have the oft-cited 16,500 annual morality rate attributed to NSAID use as reported by Wolfe in nothing less than The New England Journal of Medicine.2 That is slightly larger than the number of individuals fatally dispatched by infamous Boston mobster Whitey Bulger.

I would bet the ranch that if the number of deaths associated with spinal manipulation came within an order of magnitude of the NSAID death rate, we would have heard about spinal manipulation death rates in headlines even larger than those attributed to Mr. Bulger. Clearly, we have not.

But the story goes far deeper. Dabbs and Lauretti, in 1995, assessed comparative risk-of-death rates from neck manipulation and the use of NSAIDs from the literature, concluding that the latter was 160 times greater than the former.3 And this particular estimate was based upon the most catastrophic estimate of death rates attributable to cervical manipulation from Dvorak,4 which put the figure at one death per 400,000 manipulations – or 7.5 times higher than the RAND estimate. Using the RAND figure for cervical manipulations would thus mean that the risk of dying from NSAIDs is actually 1,200 times greater.

At about the same time, other reports appeared which detailed the toxicity of NSAIDs in at least three areas: gastrointestinal: GI bleeding, ulceration and perforation;5 renal: reduced glomerular filtration rate, possibly leading to glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis, or acute tubular nephrosis;5-7 and hepatic: hepatitis and other damage.5,7

toxicity - Copyright – Stock Photo / Register Mark More recently, researchers at the Baylor College of Medicine employed miniature cameras swallowed in small capsules to document the fact that NSAIDs (Advil or Motrin), when regularly taken, lead to small-bowel erosions in 62 percent of users as compared to 5 percent of non-users. Similar small-intestine damage was associated with regular NSAID use in 40 arthritis patients, severe damage associated with higher dosages.8 Suffice it to say that the length of the reference list linking serious GI damage and ulcer-related deaths in patients taking NSAIDs rivals the rap sheet of the above-named Whitey Bulger.9-18

It gets even worse. More recently, NSAID use has been associated with cardiac disease. In a case-control analysis of the British General Practice Research Database, Fisher and co-investigators concluded that the risk of acute myocardial infarction may be significantly elevated several weeks after cessation of NSAID therapy.19 Regarding rofecoxib use, between 88,000-140,000 excess cases of severe coronary heart disease might have resulted from the use of this drug, rather than other NSAIDs, in the United States since its launch in 1999.20

In a separate study to see whether naproxen or Celebrex could forestall or prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease in older adults, it was found that 70 patients in the study had suffered from heart attacks or stroke, representing a 50 percent increase over the placebo rate.21 These findings were so compelling that Vioxx (rofecoxib) was removed from the market on Sept. 30, 2004, by Merck Sharpe & Dohme, followed by the suspension of marketing of valdecoxib by Pfizer on April 7, 2005.22

For those still questioning whether the association of vascular or upper GI events with NSAIDs is real, the hammer just dropped at the end of May with the publication of meta-analyses of some 280 trials of NSAIDs vs. a placebo and 474 additional trials of one NSAID vs. another, yielding elevations of all risk ratios with coxib, ibuprofen, diclofenac and naproxen.1-3

But it doesn't stop there. Congestive heart failure in the elderly has commonly been linked to the recent use of NSAIDs,24 the estimated annual risk of first hospital admission being 500 per 100,000 – the same as for major gastrointestinal tract bleeding and ulcer perforation in New South Wales.18

Moving to the opposite end of the age spectrum, NSAIDs have been shown to be strongly associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn, with at least one NSAID found in the meconium of the lung.25 Dropping even farther back in the chronology of fetal development, we find in a Danish case-control study that NSAIDs have been significantly associated with the risk of miscarriage, the risk increasing sharply with the proximity of taking the drug prior to the abortive event.26

In the widely disseminated low back pain guidelines circulated by what was then the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, NSAID medications and spinal manipulation were given equal quality ratings as to their effectiveness.27 In light of the numerous and troubling NSAID side effects discussed here, it would appear that the choice of two types of interventions for at least back pain should be narrowed to one, catalyzed by the fact that only recently a randomized, controlled trial conducted in Bremen, Germany, demonstrated the superiority of spinal manipulation over NSAIDs in managing acute, uncomplicated mechanical low-back pain.28

And there you have it – or, in the words of a popular Australian idiom, "And Bob's your uncle." Which is why I often think of the expression, "'Nuff said," whenever I see the acronym NSAID.

References

  1. Hurwitz EL, Aker PD, Adams AH, Meeker WC, Shekelle PG. Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine: a systematic review of the literature. Spine, 1996;21(15):1746-1760.
  2. Wolfe MM, Lichenstein DR, Singh G. Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 1999;340(24):1888-1899.
  3. Dabbs V, Lauretti W. A risk assessment of cervical manipulation vs NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 1995;18(8):530-536.
  4. Dvorak J, Orelli F. How dangerous is manipulation to the cervical spine? Journal of Manual Medicine, 1985;2:1-4.
  5. Hamill RJ, Rowlingson JC. Handbook of Critical Case Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994:106-113.
  6. Perazella M, Butler G. Can ibuprofen cause acute renal failure in a normal individual? American Journal of Kidney Disease, 1991;18:600-602.
  7. Simon LS. Osteoarthritis: An overview. Clinical Cornerstone, 1999;2(2):26-34.
  8. Ackerman T. "Tiny Cameras Find Pain Killer Drawback: Popular Medicines Harm Small Intestine." Houston Chronicle, May 20, 2003.
  9. Fries JF. Assessing and understanding patient risk. Scandinavidan Journal of Rheumatology, 1992;92[Suppl]:21-24.
  10. Armstrong CP, Blower AL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and life-threatening complications of peptic ulceration. Gut, 1987;28:527-532.
  11. Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1991;115:787-796.
  12. Carson JL, Willett LR. Toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. Drugs, 1993;46[Suppl 1]:243-248.
  13. Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA, West SL, Morse SL. The association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1987;147:85-88.
  14. Lapas A, Perez-Alsa MA, Feu F, Ponce J, Saperas E, et al. A nationwide study of mortality associated with hospital admission due to severe gastrointestinal events and those associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005;1000:1685-1693.
  15. Barner A. Review of the clinical trials and benefit/risk of Meloxicam. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 1996;102:29-37.
  16. Hayllar J, Macpherson A, Bjarnason I. Gastro protection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]: rationale and clinical implications. Drug Safety, 1992;7(2):86-105.
  17. Henry D, Dobson A, Turner C. Variability in the risk of major gastrointestinal complications from non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology, 1993;105:1078-1078.
  18. Henry D, Robertson J. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and peptic ulcer hospitalization rates in New South Wales. Gastroenterology, 1993;104:1083-1091.
  19. Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter CM, Jick H, Meier CR. Discontinuation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004;164(22):2472-2476.
  20. Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, Spence M, Cheetham C, Levy G, Shoor S, Ray, WA. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cycylo-oxytenase-2 selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. The Lancet, 2005;365:475-481.
  21. Henderson D, Dembner A. "Another Painkiller Tied to Heart Attack Risk." Boston Globe, Dec. 21, 2004.
  22. Vonkerman HE, Brouwers JRBJ, van de Laar MAFJ. Understanding the NSAID related risk of vascular events. British Medical Journal, 2006;332:895-898.
  23. NSAID Trialists' (CNT) Collaboration. The Lancet, May 30, 2013.
  24. Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2000;160: 777-784.
  25. Alano MA, Ngougmna E, Ostrea EM Jr, Konduri GG. Analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics, 2001;107(3):519-523.
  26. Nielson GL, Sorensen HTY, Larsen H, Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population-based observational study and case-control study. British Medical Journal, 2001;322:266-270.
  27. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Bain in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. AHCPR Publication No. 95-0642. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. December 1994.
  28. Von Heymann WJ, Schloemer P et al. Spinal high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation in acute non-specific low back pain. Spine, 2013;38(7):540-548.

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