Bone is dynamic tissue that is constantly being removed and replaced with new bone. Normally there is a balance between bone formation and bone resorption. If there is an imbalance in this equilibrium between bone formation and resorption, there is either a decrease or increase in bone density.
Osteoporosis is a specific term defining a state in which bone tissue is reduced, but mineralization of the organic matrix is normal. Osteoporosis has a variety of possible causes, and consequently manifests in a number of different forms. The basic distinction between forms of osteoporosis is between those types that are generalized or diffuse, involving the entire skeleton, and those that are localized to a single region or bone. Table I lists the numerous causes of osteoporosis.
The most common type of osteoporosis seen in a chiropractic practice is postmenopausal osteoporosis. Estrogen replacement therapy will often help reduce the effects of osteoporosis in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, this therapy alone is not sufficient in many instances. Adequate exercise and diet including calcium and vitamin D are generally necessary to halt the progress of osteoporosis. It often takes up to two years to see a noticeable difference radiographically in the bone matrix, provided the patient responds to therapy.
There are several radiologic techniques for evaluating osteoporosis. Plain film radiographic is the simplest and most widely used method of evaluation. This technique can easily detect even very small increases in bone density; however, it generally fails to detect decreases in overall skeletal mineralization unless the reduction reaches at least 30 percent. As is well-known, normal bone can acquire an abnormal radiographic appearance as a result of technical factors. For this reason, inspection of a standard radiograph should focus less on apparent increases or decreases in bone density and more on the thickness of the cortex of bone. Cortical thickness objectively measured and compared, either with a normal standard or with subsequent studies in the same patient, is a useful technique for assessing bone density. The cortical thickness measurement is obtained by adding the width of the two cortices in the midpoint of the given bone, and the sum should roughly be one-half of the overall diameter of the bone. This number can also be expressed as an index of bony mass, derived by dividing the combined cortical thickness by the total diameter of the bone. The second and third metacarpal bone is frequently used to obtain these measurements.
A similar method for assessing bone density is the photodensitometry technique. This technique is based on the observation that the photographic density of bone on radiographic film is proportional to its mass. Through use of a photodensitometer, the photographic density of a given bone can be compared with that of a known standard.
Computerized tomography (CT) also plays an important role in the evaluation of metabolic and endocrine disorders. With CT we are ale to define a specific volume and accurately measure the density of the volume, making it possible to perform quantitative analysis of bone mineral content.
If you plan to treat patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, baseline of bone density should be obtained and followed up with future evaluations at lease on a yearly basis. The best technique for evaluating bone density is CT.
Table I: Causes of Osteoporosis | |||
| Generalized diffuse | Generalized (Diffuse) | Localized (Regional) | |
| Genetic (congenital) | Deficiency states | Immobilization (cast) | |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Scurvy | Disuse | |
| Gonadal dysgenesis | Malnutrition | Pain | |
Turner's syndrome (XO) | Protein deficiency | Reflex sympathetic | |
Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) | Alcoholism | dystrophy syndrome | |
| Hypophosphatasia | Liver disease | (Sudeck's atrophy) | |
| Homocystinuria | Transient regional osteoporosis | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis | Iatrogenic | Transient osteoporosis of the hip | |
| Gaucher's disease | Heparin-induced | Regional migratory osteoporosis | |
| Anemias | Dilantin-induced | Paget's disease (hot phase) | |
Sickle-cell syndrome | Steroid-induced | ||
Thalassemia | |||
Hemophilia | Miscellaneous | ||
Christmas disease | Involutional (senescent/postmenopausal) | ||
| Endocrine | Amyloidosis | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | Ochronosis | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | Neoplastic conditions (myeloma, | ||
| Cushing's syndrome | leukemia, metastatic disease) | ||
| Acromegaly | Paraplegia | ||
| Estrogen deficiency | Weightlessness | ||
| Hypogonadism | Idiopathic | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| Pregnancy | |||
References
Adam Greenspan, Orthopedic Radiology, 1988. Aegerter and Kirkpatrick, Orthopedic Diseases, 1975.
Deborah Pate, D.C., D.A.C.B.R.
San Diego, California
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