For years, athletes have ignored the published protein guidelines and consumed amounts far in excess of the government's recommendation.2 Some quality research has demonstrated that RDA levels for those involved in athletics are inadequate and may impede recovery or limit muscle growth.3 It is generally accepted that endurance athletes should consume 1.2 to 1.4 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day.3 Strength and power athletes are recommended to consume protein between 1.4 and 1.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day.3 Although there are no recommendations for people with musculoskeletal injuries, hospital guidelines have been published.4 For general surgery, it is recommended that protein levels be 1.5 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. For cases of multiple trauma, levels are between 1.5 and 2.0 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. Finally, for burns and severe sepsis, protein levels are recommended at 2.5 grams per kilogram of body weight per day.
Chiropractic Patients
I am often asked how much protein chiropractic patients need. I answer that question by asking other questions:
- How much protein does the patient normally consume?
- What is the nature and extent of the injury or disorder?
- What is the patient's current level of activity?
- Are there any other health issues facing the patient?
The patient in good health who already consumes plenty of protein, has normal activity levels, and comes in three times for a stiff back after yardwork needs nothing but a new rake. Conversely, the vegetarian distance runner who just suffered high-impact whiplash trauma requires a careful review of her diet. The goal with protein is maintaining a positive nitrogen balance. For example, people with immobilized fractures had increases in urinary nitrogen excretion that indicated an additional 16 to 49 grams a day were needed to maintain a positive protein balance.11 According to Bucci, a protein deficiency delays all aspects of healing, including a lengthening of the inflammatory phase.4 To be safe, patients with serious injuries should probably consume "general surgery" levels.
Adverse Effects of High-Protein Diets
There is no evidence high-protein diets cause kidney damage in healthy individuals.5,6 Recent studies have shown no impairment of kidney function when athletes consume protein at a level of 2.8 grams per kilogram of body weight.6
Concern about this is extrapolated from the evidence that high-protein diets exacerbate pre-existing kidney disorders,7 and that when dietary protein is reduced in persons suffering with kidney disease, the progression to end-stage dysfunction has been retarded or halted.8 As Lemon comments, if high-protein diets caused healthy kidneys to become dysfunctional, one would expect to see many athletes develop kidney problems,5 since athletes have consumed amounts of dietary protein far greater than the RDA requirements for many years.2
Protein can cause elevated urinary calcium levels.9 Individuals on high-protein diets should make sure their "all-source" intake of calcium (foods and supplements) is at or above 1,200mg per day. Athletes who use commercial protein powders should be advised to choose readily available brands that provide calcium with the protein.
Protein can also increase fluid loss through the urine.10 This can be monitored by regular weighing and replacement of postactivity weight loss, with a minimum of one pint (16 oz) of fluid for each pound lost following exercise. For those trying to lose weight, it is important not to confuse fluid loss with body fat reduction. Individuals consuming high amounts of protein for the purposes of weight loss should increase their daily fluid levels proportionate to the percentage of protein they are consuming above the RDA.
References
- U.S. Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
- Short S. Surveys of dietary intake and nutrition knowledge of athletes and their coaches. In: Nutrition in Exercise and Sport, 2nd edition. Wolinsky I, Hickson J, editors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994.
- Lemon PW. Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids? Int J Sports Nutri 1995;5:S39-S61.
- Bucci L. Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995; 27-30.
- Lemon PW. Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements. Int J Sports Nutri 1998;8:426-47.
- Poortmans R, Dellaliux O. Do regular high-protein diets have potential health risk on healthy kidney functions in athletes? Int J Sports Nutri and Exerc & Metab 2000;10(1):28-38.
- Brenner B, Meyer T, Hostetter T. Protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: The role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. NEJM 1982;307:652-657.
- Salahudeen A, Hostetter T, et al. Effects of dietary protein in patients with chronic renal transplant rejection. Kidney Int 1992;41:183-190.
- Allen L, Oddoye E, Margen S. Protein-induced hypercalciuria: a longer-term study. Am J Clin Nutri 1979;32:741-49.
- Lemon PW, Tarnopolsky M, MacDougall J, Atkinson S. Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol 1992;73:767-777.
- Alpers D, Clouse RE, Stenson WF, eds. Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1998.
Dr. Andersen is available for postgraduate and relicensing seminars. For more information, e-mail inquiries to
. G. Douglas Andersen,DC,DACBSP,CCN
Brea, California
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